Evaluation

yo there


so now its the last type of the system life cycle,what will happen now is that the user will evaluate the program and give complaints and suggestions for the programmer

the programmer will ask now these questions to the user:
is it easy to use?
is the new system better than the old?
did you have any problems while using the program?
now the programmer must take all the feedback's in his considerations and he will observe the user performing and he can give questioners asking about the program and he can make an interview with one of the workers to see the feedback and so he will be able to obtain information about the program and how different is the new system compared to the old one

And of course after collecting all these information's he should start improving the system and take the users opinions and decide whether the improvement should be in the design of the program or the validations etc. 

implemintation

Yo there

Now after the system has been developed the time has finally come to implement the system,and actually there is main four ways to implement the system.

1-parallel running.
from the world its self we can understand that it means the two system are running, the existing one and the new one.
the main disadvantage of it that there will be two sets of workers and must to pay for both of them & it takes longer time than the other types.
2-Direct changeover.
This means that the old system is gonna get replaced fully by the new one and its the most fastest way to implement the system.The cons of it that there will be no backup for the system and it will be hard to do changes to it or to replace the old system again.
3-Phased implementation
This type is that the new system will be replaced one at a time not fully and this will help the workers to get to the new system step by step and if one of the aspects isn't working,the others wont be affected and it can be replaced normally,but its a very slow way to implement the system.
4-pilot changeover.
this happen only for big companies and industries, and its introducing the new system in one of the company branches, so if its not working in the branch the others wont be effected and if there is any mistake in the system the programmer will learn the mistake so when he implement in the new system it wont happen again

development & testing

development & testing 

After the system has been designed,now the programmer should develop and create the system,and he must try and test ti see whether there is any mistake or no.

Testing strategies:

the programmer will do a comparing between the expected and the actual result.if the comparing was same then this mean that there is no error in the system but if he found that the actual result was different then he should check the system to solve the error.

another way of testing the data is the types of data that will reduce chances of mistake is the data types.

this an example that will explain the different types of data.

as we know that the marks of a student is more than or equal than zero or less than or equal than 100.

the first type is when the data is normal like 60 or 70 or 90.so the data will accept the input.

second type is the abnormal data and this happen when the data that has been input is not within the range at all.and so the system wont accept the data.

and the last type is the extreme data is when the inputted data at its maximum or minimum range and in our example the two extreme data is 0 and 100 and the system will accept the data.

& the minimum is:

Design stage

designing stage

Design stage is occur after the system has been analyzed so now its time to design the program carefully.

the programmer must have consideration while designing the program like:

1-the programmer must keep in mind that he add a guideline this is because new users may face some difficulties while using the program so guideline is a very important thing.   
2-the coloring must be properly so the user wont confused while using it or changing from slide to another
3-the programmer must add the validation rule so the chances of mistakes will be reduced much
4-the system must be easy to used as possible as can so the user can use the program without any confusion. 

as the picture shown the designing stage come directly after analyzing stage

program flow chart project

Documintation

Types of documentation

before implement the system a documentation should be provided to help user and programmer

Technical documentation:

this type of documentation is produced just for the programmer and the analyst and it help them if any error occur in the system ,and if they are planning to do any upgrading it will help them.

User documentation:

it help the user while he use the program and give tutorial on how use the program

the documentation help the user how to use the program and it include all the things that the user may face on it.

main types of of technical documentation:
1-system documentation
system documentation provide:
-test plans & test result so that the system  analyst can see the results,so if any error occur they can see the problem and remove the error by solving its problem
-what is expected of the data and show how the system must work so he can identify the errors
2-program documentation contain:
-the input and the output that has been used in the system
-the program flow chart that have been produced at the design stage
-the codes that has been used in the current program

the user documentation consist of :
-the purpose of this system
-the hardware & the software that is needed to run the system
-what the user shall do if an error has occurred

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how the analysis can collect the information

how the analysis can collect information

 Systems analysis is the study of sets of interacting entities, including computer systems analysis. This field is closely related to requirements analysis or operations research. It is also "an explicit formal inquiry carried out to help someone (referred to as the decision maker) identify a better course of action and make a better decision than he might otherwise have made.
its is the first stage on system analyzing where the analysis will analyse the existing system and see how the work get done and how the company make use of its programs and software   

 



development and testing (from the beginning till data types i explained)

Development and testing.pptx

Using spreadsheets(H.W)

Answers	Questions
Spreadsheet modeling is a computer program that allows you to create, edit and maintain full data in industries like financial services, customer services etc	What is spreadsheets modeling?
1-To create and design 2-Help you in a specific thing like calculations 3-To make the work more easy and interesting as well as attractive	List three uses of spreadsheets
CSV stand for : Comma separated values	What does csv file stand for

Calculating the ISBN number

((How to calculate ISBN))

hello guys

today am gonna be showing you how to calculate the isbn number(last digit)

Enjoy!!

ISBN numbers are created so that the first nine digits are information 
digits and the last digit, the one you want to calculate, is a check 
digit. This last number helps people notice and correct mistakes that 
might be made in recording the information digits.  

Here is an ISBN number: 0-205-12669-3. The digit 0 indicates the book 
is written for English-speaking people. The number 205 and the number 
12669 identify the publisher and the book published by that publisher.  

The last digit, the 3, was chosen in the following way. Each digit is 
given a weight by using the digits 1 to 10 and counting right to left. 
These weights are added. The sum is:

   0(10)+ 2(9)+ 0(8) + 5(7) + 1(6) + 2(5) + 6(4) + 6(3) + 9(2) + __(1)  

(The digits of the ISBN information numbers are listed in order left 
to right and weighted by counting down from 10 to 1.) The check digit 
is chosen to be a number from 0 to 10 so that this weighted sum is a
multiple of 11. That is, the sum must be divisible by 11. 

Let us see what sum we have so far with these particular nine 
information digits:

   0(10)+ 2(9)+ 0(8) + 5(7) + 1(6) + 2(5) + 6(4) + 6(3) + 9(2) 
     = 0 + 18 + 0 + 35 + 6 + 10 + 24 + 18 + 18 
     = 129

The check digit 3 was chosen because 129 + 3(1) = 132 and 132 is a 
multiple of 11. 129 is greater than 11(11) = 121 and 14 less than 
11(13) = 143. The only possible number from 0 to 10 to use as a check 
digit is 3.
  
Sometimes the only choice for a check number will be 10. Since this is 
a two digit number and cannot be used as such, the Roman numeral 10, 
the symbol X, is used.  

This system for assigning the last number of an ISBN number makes it 
possible to detect errors made by writing a single digit incorrectly 
or by writing a pair of digits in the wrong order.

Codes provide some interesting mathematics!LOL

you can also check this interesting site:

 http://www.hahnlibrary.net/libraries/isbncalc.html

Project managment

Project management

Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals. A project is a temporary endeavor with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives,typically to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations),which are repetitive, permanent, or semi-permanent functional activities to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and management strategies.

The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals and objectives while honoring the preconceived constraints. The primary constraints are scope, time, quality and budget. The secondary —and more ambitious— challenge is to optimize the allocation of necessary inputs and integrate them to meet pre-defined objectives.

To make project management the manager has to consider three main things

1-Cost

2-Time

3-Scope 

Cost:Is about how to use the limited budget as best as they can

Time:Is how to do the project in a specific time and know when to start and to end

Scope:The work that needs to be accomplished to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and functions

There is two main chart in the project management:

Gantt chart:

A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart, developed by Henry Gantt in the 1910s, that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project. Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown structure of the project. Some Gantt charts also show the dependency (i.e. precedence network) relationships between activities. Gantt charts can be used to show current schedule status using percent-complete shadings and a vertical "TODAY" line as shown here. 

Pert chart
A project management tool that provides a graphical representation of a project's timeline. PERT, or Program Evaluation Review Technique, was developed by the United States Navy for the Polaris submarine missile program in the 1950s. PERT charts allow the tasks in a particular project to be analyzed, with particular attention to the time required to complete each task, and the minimum time required to finish the entire project.

Stock control

Stock control

Stock control is defined as: "The activity of checking a shop’s stock.

Many shops now use stock control systems. The term "stock control system" can be used to include various aspects of controlling the amount of stock on the shelves and in the stockroom and how reordering happens.

Main features of the stock control is:

1. Ensuring that products are on the shelf in shops in just the right quantity.
2. Recognising when a customer has bought a product.
3. Automatically signalling when more products need to be put on the shelf from the stockroom.
4. Automatically reordering stock at the appropriate time from the main warehouse.
5. Automatically producing management information reports that could be used both by local managers and at Head office

There are different types of the stock and the most famous of it is:

1-Raw materisals

2-Work in semi finished goods.

3-Finished goods

4-Consumables

5-Pants and machinery  spare parts

The different between the EPOS and POS:

Point of sale (POS) or checkout is the place where a retail transaction is completed. It is the point at which a customer makes a payment to a merchant in exchange for goods or services. At the point of sale the merchant would use any of a range of possible methods to calculate the amount owing - such as a manual system, weighing machines, scanners or an electronic cash register. The merchant will usually provide hardware and options for use by the customer to make payment.The merchant will also normally issue a receipt for the transaction.

Electronic point of sale System(EPOS) are the computerised systems that are used by retailers: modern tills and associated systems. Their basic functions include scanning bar codes or radio frequency ID (RFID) tags to identify products, scanning credit cards, and cash handling.

EPOS systems do not only handle transactions. They can also connect to networks making information on sales instantly available. This is useful for providing management with information for decision making, and for improving logistics andstock control.

Stock control improves because with exact sales data a retailer knows exactly how much of any given item is available at any given locations as well as how fsat items are selling at each location. This means less working capital is required, while at the same time the chances of running out of any item can be reduced.

Large retailers tend to have very sophisticated logistics systems and the data from EPOS systems is a vital to these

EPOS enables efficient computer stock control and reordering as well as giving a wealth of information about turnover, profitability on different lines, stock ratios, and other important financial indicators. 

Advantages and disadvantages

Stock control systems ensure that just the right amount of stock are on the shelves. If there is too much stock, it ties up a company's money, money that might be better spent on reducing theiroverdraft, on advertising the business or on paying for better facilities for customers, for example. Too much stock means that some perishable products might not sell and would have to be thrown away and this would reduce a company's profit. If there were not enough products on the shelf, they might run out. If this happens, they would lose business and again, profits would not be as good as they ought to be.

Stock control systems save a lot of staff time. Savings may be possible by reducing the number of staff needed in the business thereby improving profits. A stock control system will not remove the necessity for checking what is on the shelves regularly - things get stolen and these won't be recorded.

Stock control systems also mean that a business may have to close down while the system is changed from a manual one. They may also involve a considerable investment in equipment and support. Stock control systems require training and some staff might find them difficult to use. They can also break down so a procedure needs to be in place so the business can continue to trade. This could involve further costs as well, perhaps requiring the purchase of backup equipment or a support agreement. Usually, the benefits of a stock control system outweigh the disadvantages.

Just in time

Just in time (JIT) is a production strategy that strives to improve a business return on investment by reducing in-process inventory and associated carrying costs. To meet JIT objectives, the process relies on signals or Kanban (看板 Kanban) between different points in the process, which tell production when to make the next part. Kanban are usually 'tickets' but can be simple visual signals, such as the presence or absence of a part on a shelf.

Quick notice which requires personnel to order new stock once existing stock is depleting is critical to the inventory reduction at the center of the JIT policy, which saves warehouse space and costs. However, JIT relies on other elements in the inventory chain as well. For instance, its effective application cannot be independent of other key components of a lean manufacturing system or it can "end up with the opposite of the desired result." In recent years manufacturers have continued to try to hone forecasting methods such as applying a trailing 13-week average as a better predictor for JIT planning; however, some research demonstrates that basing JIT on the presumption of stability is inherently flawed.

impact of ict on working practices

impact of ict on working practices

Location & Pattern	Details
Employer premises or at home	ICT has enabled employees to work from home with far greater ease. Many employees are able to access all their work documents and applications from home. They are able to do this via the use of a Private Virtual Network (PVN). This is a secure connection to between the user and the companies computer network.
Allowing personal flexibility	As more and more of our work becomes ICT based it may be possible for us to work when it is convenient for us.
Being static in an office or mobile	Mobiles offices can allow employees to take their office with them. Sales man may need to be connected to the office network when they are in the clients place of work of home.

To work away from the workplace you may need:

A laptop (with access to a word processor, 

spreadsheets, database etc.)

The ability to send and receive e-mails

Mobile phones

Voicemail to receive messages

Fax machine

Pager

Videoconferencing facilities to hold meetings


Advantages of Homeworking
• Less time wasted travelling to and from work 
(especially in rush hour) – leads to increased 
productivity
• Can continue to employ staff who may have left 
because their personal circumstances have changed
• Less stressful for staff
• Less office space needed – saves money
• More flexibility in managing working hours


Disadvantages of Homeworking
• Less supervision – may lead to less work being 
completed
• Cost of buying and maintaining ICT equipment is high
• Difficult to organise staff training
• Can’t organise meetings at short notice
• Employees miss out on social aspects of work

Reference:
1-http://www.graemehigh.com/files/BusEdu/SGAdmin/2a%20ICT%20&%20Working%20Practices.pdf
2-http://www.heles.plymouth.sch.uk/ict/KS5/Y12-Unit02/HTML/WorkingPractices.htm

Air conditioning system

Air conditioning System

Air conditioning is  the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more favorable conditions. More generally, air conditioning can refer to any form of technological cooling, heating, ventilation, or disinfection that modifies the condition of air.

An air conditioner  is a major or home appliance,system, or mechanism designed to change the air temperature and humidity within an area (used for cooling and sometimes heating depending on the air properties at a given time). The cooling is typically done using a simple refrigeration cycle,

Watch more in:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MiQCBIx1mM

Main inputs are:

1-Compressor 

2-Condensing unit

3-Valve

4-Evaporation system 

Central heating system in UK

Central heating system on UK

In first of October is "central heating day", when many people switch on their radiators for the winter. Central heating is just another mod-con of contemporary living, but it's done much more than warm us up.

Up and down the country, radiators clank their way back to life after a summer of hibernation.

A radiator - a rare sight in 1970

With energy bills soaring in recent years, and more people aware of energy consumption, many make it a point of principle that their heating stays off until the start of October, which means any nippy late September mornings just have to be endured.

But given how mild the autumn has been so far, others may wait a couple more weeks before the big switch-on.

Only a small fraction of UK homes are without central heating today. In the last comprehensive survey, in 2004, it was 7% of households, and that has probably dropped further since.

Far from being a modern invention, there were forms of central heating systems in ancient Greece, and later the Romans perfected what were called hypocausts to heat public baths and private houses.

In late Victorian Britain, well-to-do houses had a form of central heating. Cragside in Northumberland, the family home of engineer Lord Armstrong, was a famous example, with ducts built into the floors to carry warm air around the building.

But it was a long time before central heating became widespread and affordable, and fired by a gas boiler.

Luxury!

In 1970, Martyn Jarvis, 55, was a gas fitter, installing central heating systems in the Slough area.

Victorian house builders kept rooms small for warmth

"Central heating was just taking off then and there was a sense of excitement. It was like getting the first colour television - 'Ooooh, I've got central heating!'

"Unless you were really well off, you didn't have any radiators. There was an awful lot of solid fuel around then, an open fire in the living room normally, which heated the water as well.

"Other houses just had a three-bar electric fire, so you needed plenty of blankets at night. I remember the 1963 winter was particularly horrendous."

Reference:

http://news.bbc.co.uk.

Robots In Car Manufacture

Robots in car manufacture

Robots were initially retained to perform precise welding chores and other repetitive tasks that humans had long found boring, monotonous and injurious. By using robots to weld, handle dangerous objects and place items, auto manufacturers were able to ensure a consistent product with a minimum of worker injury. Currently, 50 percent of all robots in use today are used in automobile manufacture.

To make a robot work, a computer program is installed on its controller computer. This provides a set of precise instructions--based on geometry and carefully timed--that tells the robot where to place things, how to rotate them, where to weld and how to perform all of its other functions. Robots do not think for themselves, and must rely on humans to provide instructions. Robots also can work in more extreme environments on their own, or they can work alongside humans, assisting them in their day-to-day jobs--such as moving or rotating a car so humans can work on parts of it that would normally be difficult to reach.

Almost all manufacturing robots are single arms with computer controls, and do not look like a typical science-fiction "robot." Different robots will have different appendages, depending upon their job(s). For instance, a robot that places windshields will have a vacuum-powered suction grip to handle the smooth glass, while a welding robot will have an arc welder to fuse two pieces of metal together.

Robotic arm

A robotic arm is a type of mechanical arm, usually programmable, with similar functions to a human arm; the arm may be the sum total of the mechanism or may be part of a more complex robot. The links of such a manipulator are connected by joints allowing either rotational motion (such as in an articulated robot) or translational (linear) displacement. The links of the manipulator can be considered to form a kinematic chain. The terminus of the kinematic chain of the manipulator is called the end effector and it is analogous to the human hand.

Types

In car manufacturing they use different types of robot like:

• Cartesian robot / Gantry robot: Used for pick and place work, application of sealant, assembly operations, handling machine tools and arc welding. It's a robot whose arm has three prismatic joints, whose axes are coincident with a Cartesian coordinator.
• Cylindrical robot: Used for assembly operations, handling at machine tools, spot welding, and handling at diecasting machines. It's a robot whose axes form a cylindrical coordinate system.
• Spherical robot / Polar robot (such as the Unimate): Used for handling at machine tools, spot welding, diecasting, fettling machines, gas welding and arc welding. It's a robot whose axes form a polar coordinate system.
• SCARA robot: Used for pick and place work, application of sealant, assembly operations and handling machine tools. It's a robot which has two parallel rotary joints to provide compliance in a plane.
• Articulated robot: Used for assembly operations, diecasting, fettling machines, gas welding, arc welding and spray painting. It's a robot whose arm has at least three rotary joints.
• Parallel robot: One use is a mobile platform handling cockpit flight simulators. It's a robot whose arms have concurrent prismatic or rotary joints.
• Anthropomorphic robot: Similar to the robotic hand Luke Skywalker receives at the end of The Empire Strikes Back. It is shaped in a way that resembles a human hand, i.e. with independent fingers and thumbs.

Additional information

In space the Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator System also known as Canadarm or SSRMS and its successor Canadarm2 are examples of multi degree of freedom robotic arms that have been used to perform a variety of tasks such as inspections of the Space Shuttle using a specially deployed boom with cameras and sensors attached at the end effector and satellite deployment and retrieval manoeuvres from the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle.

Reference

1-http://www.ehow.com/about_4678910_robots-car-manufacturing.html

2-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_arm#Types

3-http://prime.jsc.nasa.gov/ROV/types.html